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INTRODUCTION

Professional Profile Details

QUIZ

EVALUATION

CERTIFICATE

INTRODUCTION

Credit Hours: 0.75

Target Audience:

This activity is directed to physicians, medical students, nurse practitioners, nurses, and physician assistants.

Educational Objectives:

Upon completion of this activity, participants should be able to:

  • Identify the causative organism of tetanus and its environmental source.
  • Explain how Clostridium tetani causes disease following wound exposure.
  • Describe the historical and current burden of tetanus to support prevention through vaccination.


There is no educational content to this course. This course is designed to only administer the post-test and collect CME evaluations for the podcast associated with this training.

Suggested Additional Reading :

  1. Glass RI, Tate JE, Jiang B, Parashar U. The Rotavirus Vaccine Story: From Discovery to the Eventual Control of Rotavirus Disease. J Infect Dis. 2021 Sep 30;224(12 Suppl 2):S331-S342. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa598. PMID: 34590142; PMCID: PMC8482027.
  2. Galassi FM, Varotto E, Martini M. The history of pertussis: from an ancient scourge to a contemporary health burden. J Prev Med Hyg. 2024 Jan 1;64(4):E507-E511. doi: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2023.64.4.3163. PMID: 38379743; PMCID: PMC10876032.
  3. Guiso N, Meade BD, Wirsing von König CH. Pertussis vaccines: The first hundred years. Vaccine. 2020 Jan 29;38(5):1271-1276. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.11.022. Epub 2019 Nov 25. PMID: 31780181.
  4. Ligon, B Lee. “Pertussis: An historical review of the research and of the development of whole-cell and acellular vaccines.” Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases 9 (1998): 168-178.
  5. Baicus A. History of polio vaccination. World J Virol. 2012 Aug 12;1(4):108-14. doi: 10.5501/wjv.v1.i4.108. PMID: 24175215; PMCID: PMC3782271.
  6. CDC. International notes certification of poliomyelitis elimination– the Americas, 1994. MMWR 1994;43(39):720 –2.
  7. CDC. Immunization schedules. Atlanta: CDC; 2020. Accessed August 29, 2020.
  8. CDC. Poliomyelitis prevention in the United States: updated recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 2000;49(RR-5):1–22.
  9. CDC. Updated recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) regarding routine poliovirus vaccination. MMWR 2009;58(30):829–30.
  10. Chard, A, Datta, S, Tallis, G. et al. Progress toward polio eradication – worldwide, January 2018-March 2020. MMWR 2020;69(25)784–9.
  11. DeVries A, Harper J, Murray A, et al. Vaccine-derived poliomyelitis 12 years after infection in Minnesota. N Engl J Med 2011;364(24):2316–23.
  12. Food and Drug Administration. Prescribing information (package insert). IPOL (poliovirus vaccine inactivated). Silver Spring, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration; 2019. Accessed October 13, 2020.
  13. Prevots D, Sutter R, Strebel P, et al. Completeness of reporting for paralytic polio, United States, 1980 through 1991. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1994;148(5):479–85
  14. Vidor E. Poliovirus vaccine—inactivated. In Plotkin S, Orenstein W, Offit P, eds. Plotkin's Vaccines. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier;2018:841-865.
  15. Kayser V, Ramzan I. Vaccines and vaccination: history and emerging issues. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2021 Dec 2;17(12):5255-5268. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1977057. Epub 2021 Sep 28. PMID: 34582315; PMCID: PMC8903967.
  16. Shattock A, Johnson H, Sim S et al. Contribution of vaccination to improved survival and health: modelling 50 years of the Expanded Programme on Immunization. The Lancet, 2024; 403, 2307-2316

Authors:
Glenn Rapsinski MD, PhD — Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. 
No relationships with industry relevant to the content of this educational activity have been disclosed.
Marian Michales MD, MPH — Professor of Pediatrics and Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Dr. Michaels discloses she receives grant/research support from Merck, the CDC, and NIH research support
Tony R. Tarchichi, MD — Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC.) Paul C. Gaffney Diagnostic Referral Group
No relationships with industry relevant to the content of this educational activity have been disclosed.
No other members of the planning committee, speakers, presenters, authors, content reviewers and/or anyone else in a position to control the content of this education activity have relevant financial relationships with any companies whose primary business is producing, marketing, selling, re-selling, or distributing healthcare products used by or on patients.

In support of improving patient care, the University of Pittsburgh is jointly accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME), the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE), and the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC), to provide continuing education for the healthcare team.

The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine is accredited by the ACCME to provide continuing medical education for physicians. The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine designates this enduring material activity for a maximum of 0.75 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Each physician should only claim credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.

Other health care professionals will receive a certificate of attendance confirming the number of contact hours commensurate with the extent of participation in this activity.

The University of Pittsburgh is an affirmative action, equal opportunity institution.